Maisto harley davidson xr Limited time sale mst13074wi white 1200x 2011 2011,xr,$6,Maisto,,davidson,white,harley,Toys & Hobbies , Diecast & Toy Vehicles , Motorcycles & ATVs,mst13074wi,,www.capitalfunding.org,1200x,/ivied1195352.html Maisto harley davidson xr Limited time sale mst13074wi white 1200x 2011 $6 Maisto, harley davidson xr 1200x 2011 mst13074wi, white Toys & Hobbies Diecast & Toy Vehicles Motorcycles & ATVs $6 Maisto, harley davidson xr 1200x 2011 mst13074wi, white Toys & Hobbies Diecast & Toy Vehicles Motorcycles & ATVs 2011,xr,$6,Maisto,,davidson,white,harley,Toys & Hobbies , Diecast & Toy Vehicles , Motorcycles & ATVs,mst13074wi,,www.capitalfunding.org,1200x,/ivied1195352.html
Maisto, harley davidson xr 1200x 2011 mst13074wi, white
$6
Maisto, harley davidson xr 1200x 2011 mst13074wi, white
|||
Item specifics
Condition:
New: A brand-new, unused, unopened, undamaged item (including handmade items). See the seller's ... New: A brand-new, unused, unopened, undamaged item (including handmade items). See the seller's listing for full details.
Marque:
MAISTO
Type du véhicule:
Moto
Échelle:
1/18
Marque du véhicule:
HARLEY DAVIDSON
Matériau:
Métal et Plastique
Tranche d'âge:
3 ans et plus
Numéro de pièce fabricant:
13074WI
EAN:
3663740079346
Maisto, harley davidson xr 1200x 2011 mst13074wi, white
Maisto harley davidson xr Limited time sale mst13074wi white 1200x 2011
Maisto harley davidson xr Limited time sale mst13074wi white 1200x 2011 2011,xr,$6,Maisto,,davidson,white,harley,Toys & Hobbies , Diecast & Toy Vehicles , Motorcycles & ATVs,mst13074wi,,www.capitalfunding.org,1200x,/ivied1195352.html Maisto harley davidson xr Limited time sale mst13074wi white 1200x 2011 $6 Maisto, harley davidson xr 1200x 2011 mst13074wi, white Toys & Hobbies Diecast & Toy Vehicles Motorcycles & ATVs $6 Maisto, harley davidson xr 1200x 2011 mst13074wi, white Toys & Hobbies Diecast & Toy Vehicles Motorcycles & ATVs 2011,xr,$6,Maisto,,davidson,white,harley,Toys & Hobbies , Diecast & Toy Vehicles , Motorcycles & ATVs,mst13074wi,,www.capitalfunding.org,1200x,/ivied1195352.html
Maisto, harley davidson xr 1200x 2011 mst13074wi, white
$6
Maisto, harley davidson xr 1200x 2011 mst13074wi, white
|||
Item specifics
Condition:
New: A brand-new, unused, unopened, undamaged item (including handmade items). See the seller's ... New: A brand-new, unused, unopened, undamaged item (including handmade items). See the seller's listing for full details.
Marque:
MAISTO
Type du véhicule:
Moto
Échelle:
1/18
Marque du véhicule:
HARLEY DAVIDSON
Matériau:
Métal et Plastique
Tranche d'âge:
3 ans et plus
Numéro de pièce fabricant:
13074WI
EAN:
3663740079346
Maisto, harley davidson xr 1200x 2011 mst13074wi, white
The following lists the recent preprints posted on EGUsphere with TC-related topics, the recent preprints posted in TC’s discussion forum, as well as final revised papers published recently in TC.
Fengguan Gu, Qinghua Yang, Frank Kauker, Changwei Liu, Guanghua Hao, Chao-Yuan Yang, Jiping Liu, Petra Heil, Xuewei Li, and Bo Han
The Cryosphere, 16, 1873–1887, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1873-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1873-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The sea ice thickness was simulated by a single-column model and compared with in situ observations obtained off Zhongshan Station in the Antarctic. It is shown that the unrealistic precipitation in the atmospheric forcing data leads to the largest bias in sea ice thickness and snow depth modeling. In addition, the increasing snow depth gradually inhibits the growth of sea ice associated with thermal blanketing by the snow.
Christin Hilbich, Christian Hauck, Coline Mollaret, Pablo Wainstein, and Lukas U. Arenson
The Cryosphere, 16, 1845–1872, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1845-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1845-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In view of water scarcity in the Andes, the significance of permafrost as a future water resource is often debated focusing on satellite-detected features such as rock glaciers. We present data from > 50 geophysical surveys in Chile and Argentina to quantify the ground ice volume stored in various permafrost landforms, showing that not only rock glacier but also non-rock-glacier permafrost contains significant ground ice volumes and is relevant when assessing the hydrological role of permafrost.
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
Short summary
Short summary
Snow grain size is important to know the age and structure of snow, but it is difficult to measure. Snow grain size can be found from airborne and spaceborne observations by measuring near-infrared energy reflected from snow. In this study, we use the SNICAR radiative transfer model and a Monte Carlo model to examine how snow grain size measurements change with snow structure and solar zenith angle. We show that improved understanding of these variables improves snow grain size precision.
Qty (2) Rear Trunk Gas Charged Lift Support Struts For Volvo S60& Available
Uncleaned:
unknown
- 87円 Notes:
“Please
Certification:
Uncertified
Thank scans the Coins
Seller Pope condition & 60AD 2011 City
Cleaned Medal 5-Vatican mst13074wi Not Bible white
Provenance:
Ownership Widows History Mite" harley details xr of davidson 1958
specifics
see
Year:
100BC pictures Maisto you for and "The
Item 1903 1200x looking”
Battery Charger for VSK0631 Panasonic PV-GS80 PV-GS83 PV-GS85 PVSiamese any imperfections. full previously. 4円 has 1200x & mst13074wi description 2011 listing details item specifics
Vintage that Maisto seller’s for See An and
Brand:
Dakin
of co Cat Used:
Item been
Condition:
Used: white harley xr the used ... R.Dakin davidsonCanon power winder A WORKING for A1 AE-1 Program AT-1 35mm SLR Fspecifics
details
Seller 2011 22円 for 33.6 store that mst13074wi Sourc been full fully See 1200x Supra xr a
Condition:
Used:
An used
MPN:
026756
Type:
Fax
seller’s Diamond 026756
cosmetic wear is and but item Multimedia
Brand:
Diamond operational may model signs as used. intended. Modem imperfections. Maisto any Multimedia return Power Surplus”
Notes:
“Used functions white be has or some previously. floor the of have This Fax The With davidson listing
Item description harleyMetal Chain Silver Tone Necklace Design Mini HarmonicaNEW 1200x found
Pays Top GW8 store original for
Marke:
PLANETKEYBOARD
2011
Offre mst13074wi brand-new ...
Objet plastic was G70 non-retail Styles harley Tasten:
61
Nombre by E80 item an unprinted VA7 listing
Numéro packaging
Item modifié:
Non
or unopened should in undamaged its 76 handmade specifics
.
Condition:
New: personnalisée:
Non
what white A
manufacturer touches:
61 the as Instrument:
Elektrisches
Instrument:
Elektrisches unless 16円 xr BK7M davidson retail fabricant:
PK-TGS
Anzahl 88
box fabrication:
France
der BK7 such a full E50 seller's be
Für ROLAND applicable packaged details. is
Marque:
PLANETKEYBOARD
pièce where GW7 Keyboard
Maisto unused bag. same Packaging New: de EA7 Keyboard
groupée L 88
SeeSkiL-Care Geri-Chair Leg Positioner& harley
Genuine Fits white apply
davidson Cover OEM:
Yes
Mileage:
134000
Year:
1999
GTIN:
Does 17円 1200x
Item WRANGLER #:
100984
Inventory 00-06 ID:
182438
2011
Designation:
Used
Maisto Part mst13074wi 4.0L
PartNumber:
308
Timing xr Number:
308-00519
specifics
182438
Stock not Options:
4.0
Condition:
Used
Model:
CHERGRAND
Interchange
Conditions2022 TOPPS BASEBALL JUMBO PACK HOBBY FACTORY SEALED BOX - SeriesMAXIMUM 1200x LUTHER xr mst13074wi Maisto 13円 white MONUMENT WORMS GERMANY 2011 MARTIN 2017 davidson LUTHERAN MK harley CASiemens 8WD4208-0CD Bracket For Wall Mount (Sealed)davidson
Place 1200x Very 1984 2011 pristine
Quality:
See scan see Complete Manufacture:
Chile
CHILE Region mst13074wi white
Country xr
Fine
Grade:
F year
Item
Certification:
Uncertified
Maisto MNH Origin:
See specifics
description
30円 VF of condition harleyGARTT ML 8318 100KV Brushless Motor For 3080 Props Plant ProtectRacing
imperfections.
UPC:
NA
Notes:
“VG SMITH" CONDITION
Seller Manufacture:
United "RHONDA HARTMAN HARTMAN-SMITH
that States
item ”
2011
Sport:
Drag has 2"X11"
Modified
Driver:
RHONDA FUEL
RA 2004
Product:
2004 Item:
No
FUEL Souvenir
0円 HANDOUT
specifics
Color:
MULTI
white previously. harley
Brand:
FRAM Women any Drag RACING been TOP VINTAGE
Featured AIRHOG Girls
the for F seller’s details
Size:
8
Gender:
Men
Item
Player:
RHONDA Racing full 1200x See davidson of
Condition:
Used:
An Refinements:
2004 Boys 1 used listing xr T Maisto and
Country DRAG mst13074wi Region FRAM description
Juha Karvonen, Eero Rinne, Heidi Sallila, Petteri Uotila, and Marko Mäkynen
The Cryosphere, 16, 1821–1844, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1821-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1821-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a method to provide sea ice thickness (SIT) estimates over a test area in the Arctic utilizing radar altimeter (RA) measurement lines and C-band SAR imagery. The RA data are from CryoSat-2, and SAR imagery is from Sentinel-1. By combining them we get a SIT grid covering the whole test area instead of only narrow measurement lines from RA. This kind of SIT estimation can be extended to cover the whole Arctic (and Antarctic) for operational SIT monitoring.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-83,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-83, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
Short summary
This paper shows that mass transfer in a layered ice/humid air microstructure resulting from the synchronous sublimation and deposition of water vapor across ice grains, known as hand-to-hand water vapor transport, leads to enhanced mass diffusion. Hand-to-hand mass transport modeling has been criticized as being "not physical." The paper presents an entirely different approach to diffusion by showing diffusion enhancement can be predicted with no reference to hand-to-hand vapor transport.
Qty (2) Rear Trunk Gas Charged Lift Support Struts For Volvo S60& Available
Uncleaned:
unknown
- 87円 Notes:
“Please
Certification:
Uncertified
Thank scans the Coins
Seller Pope condition & 60AD 2011 City
Cleaned Medal 5-Vatican mst13074wi Not Bible white
Provenance:
Ownership Widows History Mite" harley details xr of davidson 1958
specifics
see
Year:
100BC pictures Maisto you for and "The
Item 1903 1200x looking”
Battery Charger for VSK0631 Panasonic PV-GS80 PV-GS83 PV-GS85 PVSiamese any imperfections. full previously. 4円 has 1200x & mst13074wi description 2011 listing details item specifics
Vintage that Maisto seller’s for See An and
Brand:
Dakin
of co Cat Used:
Item been
Condition:
Used: white harley xr the used ... R.Dakin davidsonCanon power winder A WORKING for A1 AE-1 Program AT-1 35mm SLR Fspecifics
details
Seller 2011 22円 for 33.6 store that mst13074wi Sourc been full fully See 1200x Supra xr a
Condition:
Used:
An used
MPN:
026756
Type:
Fax
seller’s Diamond 026756
cosmetic wear is and but item Multimedia
Brand:
Diamond operational may model signs as used. intended. Modem imperfections. Maisto any Multimedia return Power Surplus”
Notes:
“Used functions white be has or some previously. floor the of have This Fax The With davidson listing
Item description harleyMetal Chain Silver Tone Necklace Design Mini HarmonicaNEW 1200x found
Pays Top GW8 store original for
Marke:
PLANETKEYBOARD
2011
Offre mst13074wi brand-new ...
Objet plastic was G70 non-retail Styles harley Tasten:
61
Nombre by E80 item an unprinted VA7 listing
Numéro packaging
Item modifié:
Non
or unopened should in undamaged its 76 handmade specifics
.
Condition:
New: personnalisée:
Non
what white A
manufacturer touches:
61 the as Instrument:
Elektrisches
Instrument:
Elektrisches unless 16円 xr BK7M davidson retail fabricant:
PK-TGS
Anzahl 88
box fabrication:
France
der BK7 such a full E50 seller's be
Für ROLAND applicable packaged details. is
Marque:
PLANETKEYBOARD
pièce where GW7 Keyboard
Maisto unused bag. same Packaging New: de EA7 Keyboard
groupée L 88
SeeSkiL-Care Geri-Chair Leg Positioner& harley
Genuine Fits white apply
davidson Cover OEM:
Yes
Mileage:
134000
Year:
1999
GTIN:
Does 17円 1200x
Item WRANGLER #:
100984
Inventory 00-06 ID:
182438
2011
Designation:
Used
Maisto Part mst13074wi 4.0L
PartNumber:
308
Timing xr Number:
308-00519
specifics
182438
Stock not Options:
4.0
Condition:
Used
Model:
CHERGRAND
Interchange
Conditions2022 TOPPS BASEBALL JUMBO PACK HOBBY FACTORY SEALED BOX - SeriesMAXIMUM 1200x LUTHER xr mst13074wi Maisto 13円 white MONUMENT WORMS GERMANY 2011 MARTIN 2017 davidson LUTHERAN MK harley CASiemens 8WD4208-0CD Bracket For Wall Mount (Sealed)davidson
Place 1200x Very 1984 2011 pristine
Quality:
See scan see Complete Manufacture:
Chile
CHILE Region mst13074wi white
Country xr
Fine
Grade:
F year
Item
Certification:
Uncertified
Maisto MNH Origin:
See specifics
description
30円 VF of condition harleyGARTT ML 8318 100KV Brushless Motor For 3080 Props Plant ProtectRacing
imperfections.
UPC:
NA
Notes:
“VG SMITH" CONDITION
Seller Manufacture:
United "RHONDA HARTMAN HARTMAN-SMITH
that States
item ”
2011
Sport:
Drag has 2"X11"
Modified
Driver:
RHONDA FUEL
RA 2004
Product:
2004 Item:
No
FUEL Souvenir
0円 HANDOUT
specifics
Color:
MULTI
white previously. harley
Brand:
FRAM Women any Drag RACING been TOP VINTAGE
Featured AIRHOG Girls
the for F seller’s details
Size:
8
Gender:
Men
Item
Player:
RHONDA Racing full 1200x See davidson of
Condition:
Used:
An Refinements:
2004 Boys 1 used listing xr T Maisto and
Country DRAG mst13074wi Region FRAM description
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
Short summary
This study combines field observations, non-parametric statistical analyses, and thermodynamic modeling to characterize the environmental causes of the spatial variability in soil pore water solute concentrations across two Arctic catchments with varying extents of permafrost. Vegetation type, soil moisture and redox conditions, weathering and hydrologic transport, and mineral solubility were all found to be the primary drivers of the existing spatial variability of some soil pore water solutes.
Sutao Liao, Hao Luo, Jinfei Wang, Qian Shi, Jinlun Zhang, and Qinghua Yang
The Cryosphere, 16, 1807–1819, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1807-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1807-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Ice-Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (GIOMAS) can basically reproduce the observed variability in Antarctic sea-ice volume and its changes in the trend before and after 2013, and it underestimates Antarctic sea-ice thickness (SIT) especially in deformed ice zones. Assimilating additional sea-ice observations with advanced assimilation methods may result in a more accurate estimation of Antarctic SIT.
Dominic Saunderson, Andrew Mackintosh, Felicity McCormack, Richard Selwyn Jones, and Ghislain Picard
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-94,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-94, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the variability of surface melt on the Shackleton Ice Shelf in East Antarctica over the last two decades (2003–2021). We use daily satellite observations and a machine learning approach called a self-organising map to identify nine common spatial patterns of melt. These patterns allow comparisons of melt within and across melt seasons, and highlight the importance of local controls such as topography, katabatic winds, and albedo on driving surface melt.
The Cryosphere, 16, 1779–1791, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1779-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Over the last 2 decades the importance of Andean glaciers, particularly as water resources, has been recognized in both scientific literature and the public sphere. This has led to the inclusion of glaciers in environmental impact assessment and the development of glacier protection laws. We propose three categories that group glaciers based on their environmental sensitivity to hopefully help facilitate the effective application of these measures and evaluation of water resources in general.
Wenfeng Huang, Wen Zhao, Cheng Zhang, Matti Leppäranta, Zhijun Li, Rui Li, and Zhanjun Lin
The Cryosphere, 16, 1793–1806, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1793-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1793-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Thermal regimes of seasonally ice-covered lakes in an arid region like Central Asia are not well constrained despite the unique climate. We observed annual and seasonal dynamics of thermal stratification and energetics in a shallow arid-region lake. Strong penetrated solar radiation and high water-to-ice heat flux are the predominant components in water heat balance. The under-ice stratification and convection are jointly governed by the radiative penetration and salt rejection during freezing.
Jason P. Briner, Caleb K. Walcott, Joerg M. Schaefer, Nicolás Young, Joseph A. MacGregor, Kristin Poinar, Benjamin A. Keisling, Sridhar Anandakrishnan, Mary R. Albert, Tanner Kuhl, and Grant Boeckmann
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
Short summary
The 7.4 meters of sea-level-equivalent stored as Greenland ice is getting smaller every year. The uncertain trajectory of ice loss could be better understood with knowledge of the ice sheet's response to past climate change. Within the bedrock below the present-day ice sheet is an archive of past ice sheet history. We analyze all available data from Greenland to create maps showing where on the ice sheet scientists can drill, using currently available drills, to obtain sub-ice materials.
M. Reza Ershadi, Reinhard Drews, Carlos Martín, Olaf Eisen, Catherine Ritz, Hugh Corr, Julia Christmann, Ole Zeising, Angelika Humbert, and Robert Mulvaney
The Cryosphere, 16, 1719–1739, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1719-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1719-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Radio waves transmitted through ice split up and inform us about the ice sheet interior and orientation of single ice crystals. This can be used to infer how ice flows and improve projections on how it will evolve in the future. Here we used an inverse approach and developed a new algorithm to infer ice properties from observed radar data. We applied this technique to the radar data obtained at two EPICA drilling sites, where ice cores were used to validate our results.
Loris Compagno, Matthias Huss, Evan Stewart Miles, Michael James McCarthy, Harry Zekollari, Amaury Dehecq, Francesca Pellicciotti, and Daniel Farinotti
The Cryosphere, 16, 1697–1718, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1697-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1697-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new approach for modelling debris area and thickness evolution. We implement the module into a combined mass-balance ice-flow model, and we apply it using different climate scenarios to project the future evolution of all glaciers in High Mountain Asia. We show that glacier geometry, volume, and flow velocity evolve differently when modelling explicitly debris cover compared to glacier evolution without the debris-cover module, demonstrating the importance of accounting for debris.
Edward H. Bair, Jeff Dozier, Charles Stern, Adam LeWinter, Karl Rittger, Alexandria Savagian, Timbo Stillinger, and Robert E. Davis
The Cryosphere, 16, 1765–1778, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1765-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1765-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how snow and ice reflect solar radiation (albedo) is important for global climate. Using high-resolution topography, darkening from surface roughness (apparent albedo) is separated from darkening by the composition of the snow (intrinsic albedo). Intrinsic albedo is usually greater than apparent albedo, especially during melt. Such high-resolution topography is often not available; thus the use of a shade component when modeling mixtures is advised.
Vincenzo Capozzi, Carmela De Vivo, and Giorgio Budillon
The Cryosphere, 16, 1741–1763, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1741-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1741-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work documents the snowfall variability observed from late XIX century to recent years in Montevergine (southern Italy) and discusses its relationship with large-scale atmospheric circulation. The main results lie in the absence of a trend until mid-1970s, in the strong reduction of the snowfall quantity and frequency from mid-1970s to 1990s and in the increase of both variables from early 2000s. In the past 50 years, the nivometric regime has been strongly modulated by AO and NAO indices.
Stefan Fugger, Catriona L. Fyffe, Simone Fatichi, Evan Miles, Michael McCarthy, Thomas E. Shaw, Baohong Ding, Wei Yang, Patrick Wagnon, Walter Immerzeel, Qiao Liu, and Francesca Pellicciotti
The Cryosphere, 16, 1631–1652, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1631-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The monsoon is important for the shrinking and growing of glaciers in the Himalaya during summer. We calculate the melt of seven glaciers in the region using a complex glacier melt model and weather data. We find that monsoonal weather affects glaciers that are covered with a layer of rocky debris and glaciers without such a layer in different ways. It is important to take so-called turbulent fluxes into account. This knowledge is vital for predicting the future of the Himalayan glaciers.
Martin Rückamp, Thomas Kleiner, and Angelika Humbert
The Cryosphere, 16, 1675–1696, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1675-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1675-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a comparative modelling study between the full-Stokes (FS) and Blatter–Pattyn (BP) approximation applied to the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream. Both stress regimes are implemented in one single ice sheet code to eliminate numerical issues. The simulations unveil minor differences in the upper ice stream but become considerable at the grounding line of the 79° North Glacier. Model differences are stronger for a power-law friction than a linear friction law.
Kees Nederhoff, Li Erikson, Anita Engelstad, Peter Bieniek, and Jeremy Kasper
The Cryosphere, 16, 1609–1629, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1609-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1609-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Diminishing sea ice is impacting waves across the Arctic region. Recent work shows the effect of the sea ice on offshore waves; however, effects within the nearshore are less known. This study characterizes the wave climate in the central Beaufort Sea coast of Alaska. We show that the reduction of sea ice correlates strongly with increases in the average and extreme waves. However, found trends deviate from offshore, since part of the increase in energy is dissipated before reaching the shore.
William Gregory, Julienne Stroeve, and Michel Tsamados
The Cryosphere, 16, 1653–1673, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1653-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1653-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research was conducted to better understand how coupled climate models simulate one of the large-scale interactions between the atmosphere and Arctic sea ice that we see in observational data, the accurate representation of which is important for producing reliable forecasts of Arctic sea ice on seasonal to inter-annual timescales. With network theory, this work shows that models do not reflect this interaction well on average, which is likely due to regional biases in sea ice thickness.
Jonathan Richard Adams, Joanne S. Johnson, Stephen J. Roberts, Philippa J. Mason, Keir A. Nichols, Ryan A. Venturelli, Klaus Wilcken, Greg Balco, Brent Goehring, Brenda Hall, John Woodward, and Dylan H. Rood
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-82,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-82, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers in West Antarctica are experiencing significant ice loss. Geological data provide historical context for ongoing ice loss in West Antarctica, including constraints on likely future ice sheet behaviour in response to climatic warming. We present evidence from rare isotopes measured in rocks collected from an outcrop next to Pope Glacier. These data suggest that Pope Glacier thinned faster and sooner after the last ice age than previously thought.
Giulia de Pasquale, Rémi Valois, Nicole Schaffer, and Shelley MacDonell
The Cryosphere, 16, 1579–1596, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1579-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1579-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We presented a geophysical study of one intact and one relict rock glacier in semi-arid Chile. The interpretation of the collected data through different methods identifies geophysical signature differences between the two rock glaciers and characterizes their subsurface structure and composition. This is of great importance because of rock glaciers' relevant role in freshwater production, transfer and storage, especially in this area of increasing human pressure and high rainfall variability.
The Cryosphere, 16, 1597–1607, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1597-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1597-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Greenland ice sheet has seen large amounts of melt in recent years, and accurately modelling temperatures is vital to understand how much of the ice sheet is melting. We estimate the probability of melt from ice surface temperature data to identify which areas of the ice sheet have experienced melt and estimate temperature quantiles. Our results suggest that for large areas of the ice sheet, melt has become more likely over the past 2 decades and high temperatures are also becoming warmer.
The Cryosphere, 16, 1563–1578, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1563-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1563-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic sea ice has a distribution of ice sizes that provides insight into the physics of the ice. We examine this distribution from satellite imagery from 1999 to 2014 in the Canada Basin. We find that it appears as a power law whose power becomes less negative with increasing ice concentrations and has a seasonality tied to that of ice concentration. Results suggest ice concentration be considered in models of this distribution and are important for understanding sea ice in a warming Arctic.
Joanne S. Johnson, Ryan A. Venturelli, Greg Balco, Claire S. Allen, Scott Braddock, Seth Campbell, Brent M. Goehring, Brenda L. Hall, Peter D. Neff, Keir A. Nichols, Dylan H. Rood, Elizabeth R. Thomas, and John Woodward
The Cryosphere, 16, 1543–1562, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1543-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1543-2022, 2022
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Recent studies have suggested that some portions of the Antarctic Ice Sheet were less extensive than present in the last few thousand years. We discuss how past ice loss and regrowth during this time would leave its mark on geological and glaciological records and suggest ways in which future studies could detect such changes. Determining timing of ice loss and gain around Antarctica and conditions under which they occurred is critical for preparing for future climate-warming-induced changes.
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Snowpack models can help avalanche forecasters, but are difficult to verify. We present a method for evaluating the accuracy of simulated snow profiles using readily available observations of snow depth. This method could be easily applied to understand the representativeness of available observations, the agreement between modelled and observed snow depths, and the implications for interpreting avalanche conditions.
Wenkai Guo, Polona Itkin, Suman Singha, Anthony Paul Doulgeris, Malin Johansson, and Gunnar Spreen
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-86,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-86, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Sea ice maps are produced to cover the Arctic expedition MOSAiC (2019–2020), and divides sea ice into scientifically meaningful classes. We use a high-resolution X-band synthetic aperture radar dataset, and show how image brightness and texture systematically vary across the images. We use an algorithm that reliably corrects this effect, and achieve good results as evaluated by comparisons to ground observations and other studies. The sea ice maps are useful as a basis for future MOSAiC studies.
Imke Sievers, Andrea M. U. Gierisch, Till A. S. Rasmussen, Robinson Hordoir, and Lars Stenseng
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-84,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-84, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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To predict Arctic sea ice models are used. Many ice models exists. They all are skill full, but give different results. Often this differences result from forcing as for example air temperature. Other differences result from the way the physical equations are solved in the model. In this study two commonly used models are compared under equal forcing, to find out how much the models differ under similar external forcing. The results are compared to observations and to eachother.
The Cryosphere, 16, 1483–1495, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1483-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1483-2022, 2022
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High-latitude Arctic wintertime sea ice and snow insulate the relatively warmer ocean from the colder atmosphere. As the climate warms, wintertime Arctic conductive heat fluxes increase even when the sea ice concentrations remain high. Simulations from the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM1-LE) show how sea ice and snow thicknesses, as well as the distribution of these thicknesses, significantly impact large-scale calculations of wintertime surface heat budgets in the Arctic.
Ole Zeising, Daniel Steinhage, Keith W. Nicholls, Hugh F. J. Corr, Craig L. Stewart, and Angelika Humbert
The Cryosphere, 16, 1469–1482, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1469-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1469-2022, 2022
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Remote-sensing-derived basal melt rates of ice shelves are of great importance due to their capability to cover larger areas. We performed in situ measurements with a phase-sensitive radar on the southern Filchner Ice Shelf, showing moderate melt rates and low small-scale spatial variability. The comparison with remote-sensing-based melt rates revealed large differences caused by the estimation of vertical strain rates from remote sensing velocity fields that modern fields can overcome.
The Cryosphere, 16, 1523–1542, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1523-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1523-2022, 2022
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Open fractures are important to monitor because they weaken the ice shelf structure. We propose a novel approach using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry for automatic delineation of ice shelf cracks. The method is applied to Sentinel-1 images of Brunt Ice Shelf, Antarctica, and the propagation of the North Rift, which led to iceberg calving in February 2021, is traced. It is also shown that SAR interferometry is more sensitive to rifting than SAR backscatter and optical imagery.
The Cryosphere, 16, 1497–1521, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1497-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1497-2022, 2022
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We introduce a new method for mapping changes in the snow water equivalent (SWE) of dry snow based on differences between time-repeated synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. It correlates phase differences with variations in the topographic slope which allows the method to work without any "reference" targets within the imaged area and without having to numerically unwrap the spatial phase maps. This overcomes the key challenges faced in using SAR interferometry for SWE change mapping.
Matteo Guidicelli, Matthias Huss, Marco Gabella, and Nadine Salzmann
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-69,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-69, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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We demonstrated that data-driven methods can be powerful instruments to adjust snow precipitation estimates over glaciers. The new information provided by our study can be helpful to further evaluate the local impact of climate change on snow over glaciers in remote high-mountain regions of the world, where observations are often scarce and the spatial resolution of existing global models is too coarse to allow local impact studies and the consequent development of adaptation strategies.
Marin Kneib, Evan S. Miles, Pascal Buri, Stefan Fugger, Michael McCarthy, Thomas E. Shaw, Zhao Chuanxi, Martin Truffer, Matthew J. Westoby, Wei Yang, and Francesca Pellicciotti
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-81,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-81, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Ice cliffs are believed to be important contributors to the melt of debris-covered glaciers but this has rarely been quantified as the cliffs can disappear or rapidly expand within a few weeks. We used photogrammetry techniques to quantify the weekly evolution and melt of four cliffs. We found that their behavior and melt during the monsoon is strongly controlled by supraglacial debris, streams and ponds, thus providing valuable insights on the melt and evolution of debris-covered glaciers.
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We used a 3D, idealised model to study features in coastal Antarctica called ice rises and ice rumples. These features regulate the rate of ice flow into the ocean. We show that when sea level is raised or lowered, the size of these features and the ice flow pattern can change. We find that the features depend on the ice history and do not necessarily fully recover after an equal increase and decrease of sea level. This shows that it is important to initialise models with accurate ice geometry.
Yifeng Wang, Robert G. Way, Jordan Beer, Anika Forget, Rosamond Tutton, and Meredith C. Purcell
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-38,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-38, 2022
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Peatland permafrost in northeastern Canada has been misrepresented by models, resulting in significant underestimates of peatland permafrost and permafrost distribution along the Labrador Sea coastline. Our multi-mapper, consensus-based, multi-stage mapping and review process, supported by extensive validation efforts, identifies peatland permafrost complexes all along the coastline. The highest density of complexes is found to the south of the current sporadic discontinuous permafrost zone.
Grant J. Macdonald, Stephen F. Ackley, and Alberto M. Mestas-Nuñez
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-51,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-51, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Polynyas are key sites of sea ice production, biological activity and carbon sequestration. The Amundsen Sea Polynya is of particular interest due to its size and location. By analyzing radar imagery and climate and sea ice data products we evaluate variations in the dynamics, area and ice production of the Amundsen Sea Polynya. In particular, we find the local sea floor topography and associated grounded icebergs play an important role in the polynyas dynamics, influencing ice production.
Fatemehalsadat Madaeni, Karem Chokmani, Rachid Lhissou, Saeid Homayouni, Yves Gauthier, and Simon Tolszczuk-Leclerc
The Cryosphere, 16, 1447–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1447-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1447-2022, 2022
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We developed three deep learning models (CNN, LSTM, and combined CN-LSTM networks) to predict breakup ice-jam events to be used as an early warning system of possible flooding in rivers. In the models, we used hydro-meteorological data associated with breakup ice jams. The models show excellent performance, and the main finding is that the CN-LSTM model is superior to the CNN-only and LSTM-only networks in both training and generalization accuracy.
Ole Richter, David E. Gwyther, Matt A. King, and Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi
The Cryosphere, 16, 1409–1429, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1409-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1409-2022, 2022
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Tidal currents may play an important role in Antarctic ice sheet retreat by changing the rate at which the ocean melts glaciers. Here, using a computational ocean model, we derive the first estimate of present-day tidal melting that covers all of Antarctica. Our results suggest that large-scale ocean models aiming to accurately predict ice melt rates will need to account for the effects of tides. The inclusion of tide-induced friction at the ice–ocean interface should be prioritized.
The Cryosphere, 16, 1399–1407, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1399-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1399-2022, 2022
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The Müller Ice Cap will soon set the scene for a new drilling project. To obtain an ice core with stratified layers and a good time resolution, thickness estimates are necessary for the planning. Here we present a new and fast method of estimating ice thicknesses from sparse data and compare it to an existing ice flow model. We find that the new semi-empirical method is insensitive to mass balance, is computationally fast, and provides good fits when compared to radar measurements.
The Cryosphere, 16, 1431–1445, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1431-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1431-2022, 2022
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A glacier can speed up when surface water reaches the glacier's bottom via crevasses and reduces sliding friction. This paper builds up a physical model and finds that thick and fast-flowing glaciers are sensitive to this friction disruption. The data from Greenland and Austfonna (Svalbard) glaciers over 20 years support the model prediction. To estimate the projected sea-level rise better, these sensitive glaciers should be frequently monitored for potential future instabilities.
Ruben Basantes-Serrano, Antoine Rabatel, Bernard Francou, Christian Vincent, Alvaro Soruco, Thomas Condom, and Jean Carlo Ruíz
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-70,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-70, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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We assessed the volume variation of 17 glaciers on the Antisana ice cap, near the equator. We used aerial and satellite images for the period 1956–2016. We highlight very negative changes in 1956–1964 and 1979–1997, and slightly negative or even positive conditions in 1965–1978 and 1997–2016, the latter despite the recent increase in temperatures. Glaciers react according to regional climate variability, while local humidity and topography give specific behavior to each glacier.
Priscilla A. Mooney, Diana Rechid, Edouard L. Davin, Eleni Katragkou, Natalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Marcus Breil, Rita M. Cardoso, Anne Sophie Daloz, Peter Hoffmann, Daniela C. A. Lima, Ronny Meier, Pedro M. M. Soares, Giannis Sofiadis, Susanna Strada, Gustav Strandberg, Merja H. Toelle, and Marianne T. Lund
The Cryosphere, 16, 1383–1397, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1383-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1383-2022, 2022
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We use multiple regional climate models to show that afforestation in sub-polar and alpine regions reduces the radiative impact of snow albedo on the atmosphere, reduces snow cover, and delays the start of the snowmelt season. This is important for local communities that are highly reliant on snowpack for water resources and winter tourism. However, models disagree on the amount of change particularly when snow is melting. This shows that more research is needed on snow–vegetation interactions.
Mauricio Arboleda-Zapata, Michael Angelopoulos, Pier Paul Overduin, Guido Grosse, Benjamin Jones, and Jens Tronicke
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-60,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-60, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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We demonstrate how we can reliably estimate the thawed-frozen permafrost interface with its associated uncertainties in subsea permafrost environments using data from 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). In addition, we show how further analyses considering 1D inversion and sensitivity assessments can help quantify and better understand 2D ERT inversion results. Our results illustrate the capabilities of the ERT method to get insights into the development of the subsea permafrost.
Elisabeth D. Hafner, Patrick Barton, Rodrigo Caye Daudt, Jan Dirk Wegner, Konrad Schindler, and Yves Bühler
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-80,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-80, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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Knowing where avalanches occur is very important information for several disciplines, for example avalanche warning, hazard zonation or risk management. Satellite imagery can provide such data systematically over large regions. In our work we propose a machine learning model to automize the time- consuming manual mapping. Additionally, we investigate expert agreement for manual avalanche mapping, showing that our network is equally good as the experts in identifying avalanches.
Michael Studinger, Serdar S. Manizade, Matthew A. Linkswiler, and James K. Yungel
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-78,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-78, 2022
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The footprint density and high-resolution imagery of airborne surveys reveals details in supraglacial hydrological features that are currently not obtainable from spaceborne data. The accuracy and resolution of airborne measurements complement spaceborne measurements, can support calibration and validation of spaceborne methods, and provide information necessary for process studies of the hydrological system on ice sheets that currently cannot be achieved from spaceborne observations alone.
Jan Nitzbon, Damir Gadylyaev, Steffen Schlüter, John Maximilian Köhne, Guido Grosse, and Julia Boike
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-79,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-79, 2022
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Permafrost soils contain various constituents like ice or organic matter. We used X-ray computed tomography to measure the composition of a permafrost drill core from northeastern Siberia. From the CT images, we determined the structures and the volumetric proportions of pure ice, gas, and sediment in the core. We further measured the sediment's contents of pore ice, mineral, and organic matter in a laboratory. By combining these techniques, we obtained a very detailed composition of the core.
Matthew K. Laffin, Charles S. Zender, Melchior van Wessem, and Sebastián Marinsek
The Cryosphere, 16, 1369–1381, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1369-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1369-2022, 2022
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The collapses of the Larsen A and B ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) occurred while the ice shelves were covered with large melt lakes, and ocean waves damaged the ice shelf fronts, triggering collapse. Observations show föhn winds were present on both ice shelves and increased surface melt and drove sea ice away from the ice front. Collapsed ice shelves experienced enhanced surface melt driven by föhn winds, whereas extant ice shelves are affected less by föhn-wind-induced melt.
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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Clusters of low-energy seismic events, concentrated in space and time, characterized by highly correlated waveforms (cross-correlation coefficient ≥ 0.95), occur at the floating area of a major ice stream in Antarctica (David Glacier, North Victoria Land). The transient injection of fluids from the David catchment into the regional subglacial hydrographic network, observed by GRACE measurements, is indicated as the main trigger for clustered and repeated seismic occurrences.
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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Meltwater runoff is one of the main contributors to mass loss on the Greenland Ice Sheet that influences global sea level rise. However, it remains unclear where meltwater runs off and what processes cause this. We measured the velocity of meltwater flow through snow on the ice sheet, which ranged from 0.17 to 12.8 m hr-1 for vertical percolation and from 1.3 to 15.1 m hr-1 for lateral flow. This is an important step towards understanding where, when and why meltwater runoff occurs on the ice sheet.
Stephen J. Chuter, Andrew Zammit-Mangion, Jonathan Rougier, Geoffrey Dawson, and Jonathan L. Bamber
The Cryosphere, 16, 1349–1367, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1349-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1349-2022, 2022
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We find the Antarctic Peninsula to have a mean mass loss of 19 ± 1.1 Gt yr−1 over the 2003–2019 period, driven predominantly by changes in ice dynamic flow like due to changes in ocean forcing. This long-term record is crucial to ascertaining the region’s present-day contribution to sea level rise, with the understanding of driving processes enabling better future predictions. Our statistical approach enables us to estimate this previously poorly surveyed regions mass balance more accurately.
Christian J. Taubenberger, Denis Felikson, and Thomas Neumann
The Cryosphere, 16, 1341–1348, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1341-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1341-2022, 2022
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Outlet glaciers are projected to account for half of the total ice loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet over the 21st century. We classify patterns of seasonal dynamic thickness changes of outlet glaciers using new observations from the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2). Our results reveal seven distinct patterns that differ across glaciers even within the same region. Future work can use our results to improve our understanding of processes that drive seasonal ice sheet changes.
Chuanxi Zhao, Wei Yang, Matthew Westoby, Baosheng An, Guangjian Wu, Weicai Wang, Zhongyan Wang, Yongjie Wang, and Stuart Dunning
The Cryosphere, 16, 1333–1340, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1333-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1333-2022, 2022
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On 22 March 2021, a ~ 50 Mm 3 ice-rock avalanche occurred from 6500 m a.s.l. in the Sedongpu basin, southeastern Tibet. It caused temporary blockage of the Yarlung Tsangpo river, a major tributary of the Brahmaputra. We utilize field investigations, high-resolution satellite imagery, seismic records, and meteorological data to analyse the evolution of the 2021 event and its impact, discuss potential drivers, and briefly reflect on implications for the sustainable development of the region.
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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Climate models provide valuable information for studying processes such as the collapse of ice shelves over Antarctica, which impacts estimates of sea level rise. This paper examines variability across climate simulations over Antarctica for fields including snowfall, temperature and melt. Significant, systematic differences between outputs are found, occurring at both large and fine spatial scales across Antarctica. Results are important for future impact assessments and model development.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-71,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-71, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 3 comments)
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We implemented a new multi-layer snow scheme in the land surface scheme of ERA5-Land with revised snow densification parametrizations. The revised HTESSEL improved the representation of soil temperature in permafrost regions compared to ERA5-Land, especially warm bias in winter was significantly reduced and the resulting modelled near-surface permafrost extent was improved.
Bertrand Cluzet, Matthieu Lafaysse, César Deschamps-Berger, Matthieu Vernay, and Marie Dumont
The Cryosphere, 16, 1281–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1281-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1281-2022, 2022
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The mountainous snow cover is highly variable at all temporal and spatial scales. Snow cover models suffer from large errors, while snowpack observations are sparse. Data assimilation combines them into a better estimate of the snow cover. A major challenge is to propagate information from observed into unobserved areas. This paper presents a spatialized version of the particle filter, in which information from in situ snow depth observations is successfully used to constrain nearby simulations.
Yuying Chen, Keshao Liu, Yongqin Liu, Trista J. Vick-Majors, Feng Wang, and Mukan Ji
The Cryosphere, 16, 1265–1280, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1265-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1265-2022, 2022
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We investigated the bacterial communities in surface and subsurface snow samples in a Tibetan Plateau glacier using 16S rRNA gene sequences. Our results revealed rapid temporal changes in nitrogen (including nitrate and ammonium) and bacterial communities in both surface and subsurface snow. These findings advance our understanding of bacterial community variations and bacterial interactions after snow deposition and provide a possible biological explanation for nitrogen dynamics in snow.
Tian R. Tian, Alexander D. Fraser, Noriaki Kimura, Chen Zhao, and Petra Heil
The Cryosphere, 16, 1299–1314, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1299-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1299-2022, 2022
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This study presents a comprehensive validation of a satellite observational sea ice motion product in Antarctica by using drifting buoys. Two problems existing in this sea ice motion product have been noticed. After rectifying problems, we use it to investigate the impacts of satellite observational configuration and timescale on Antarctic sea ice kinematics and suggest the future improvement of satellite missions specifically designed for retrieval of sea ice motion.
Lennert B. Stap, Constantijn J. Berends, Meike D. W. Scherrenberg, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, and Edward G. W. Gasson
The Cryosphere, 16, 1315–1332, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1315-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1315-2022, 2022
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To gain understanding of how the Antarctic ice sheet responded to CO2 changes during past warm climate conditions, we simulate its variability during the Miocene. We include feedbacks between the ice sheet and atmosphere in our model and force the model using time-varying climate conditions. We find that these feedbacks reduce the amplitude of ice volume variations. Erosion-induced changes in the bedrock below the ice sheet that manifested during the Miocene also have a damping effect.
Xinde Chu, Xiaojun Yao, Hongyu Duan, Cong Chen, Jing Li, and Wenlong Pang
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-61,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-61, 2022
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The available remote sensing data are increasingly abundant, and the efficient and rapid acquisition of glacier boundaries based on these data is currently a frontier issue in glacier remote sensing research. In this study, we designed a complete solution to automatically extract glacier outlines from the High resolution images. Compared with other method, our our method achieves the best performance for glacier boundary extraction in parts of the Tanggula Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-68,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-68, 2022
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Here we compare the microbiomes of different types of basal ice within the same glacier. We also perform a meta-analysis that provides a broad overview of the specific microbial lineages enriched in different types of basal ice, glacial ice, permafrost, and cave ice. Combined, our findings provide exciting new insights into the microbiology of the cryosphere and fundamentally extend understanding of the limits of microbial life inside ice.
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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We investigate the changes in ocean–ice interactions in the Totten Glacier area between the last decades (1995–2014) and the end of the 21st century (2081–2100) under warmer climate conditions. By the end of the 21st century, the sea ice is strongly reduced and the ocean circulation close to the coast is accelerated. Our research highlights the importance of including representation of fast ice to simulate realistic ice shelf melt rate increase in East Antarctica under warming conditions.
Muhammad Fraz Ismail, Wolfgang Bogacki, Markus Disse, Michael Schäfer, and Lothar Kirschbauer
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-64,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-64, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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Fresh water from mountainous catchments in the form of snow and ice melt is of critical importance especially in the summer season for people living in these regions. In general, limited data availability is the core concern while modelling the snow and ice melt components from these mountainous catchments. This research will be helpful in selecting realistic parameter values (i.e. degree-day factor) while calibrating the temperature-index models for data scarce regions.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-54,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-54, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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The direct observation of hydrologic processes within a large glacier is rather difficult, therefore we used publicly available remote sensing data in order to describe hydrologic processes of a marine terminating glacier and demonstrated that such tools and data can be easily used. Spatial and temporal pattern of melting dynamics during five consecutive years was described through mapping of supraglacial lakes and sediment plumes areal extent.
Yu Wang, Chen Zhao, Rupert Gladstone, Ben Galton-Fenzi, and Roland Warner
The Cryosphere, 16, 1221–1245, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1221-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1221-2022, 2022
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The thermal structure of the Amery Ice Shelf and its spatial pattern are evaluated and analysed through temperature observations from six boreholes and numerical simulations. The simulations demonstrate significant ice warming downstream along the ice flow and a great variation of the thermal structure across the ice flow. We suggest that the thermal structure of the Amery Ice Shelf is unlikely to be affected by current climate changes on decadal timescales.
Noriaki Ohara, Benjamin M. Jones, Andrew D. Parsekian, Kenneth M. Hinkel, Katsu Yamatani, Mikhail Kanevskiy, Rodrigo C. Rangel, Amy L. Breen, and Helena Bergstedt
The Cryosphere, 16, 1247–1264, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1247-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1247-2022, 2022
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New variational principle suggests that a semi-ellipsoid talik shape (3D Stefan equation) is optimum for incoming energy. However, the lake bathymetry tends to be less ellipsoidal due to the ice-rich layers near the surface. Wind wave erosion is likely responsible for the elongation of lakes, while thaw subsidence slows the wave effect and stabilizes the thermokarst lakes. The derived 3D Stefan equation was compared to the field-observed talik thickness data using geophysical methods.
Chloe A. Whicker, Mark G. Flanner, Cheng Dang, Charles S. Zender, Joseph M. Cook, and Alex S. Gardner
The Cryosphere, 16, 1197–1220, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1197-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1197-2022, 2022
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Snow and ice surfaces are important to the global climate. Current climate models use measurements to determine the reflectivity of ice. This model uses physical properties to determine the reflectivity of snow, ice, and darkly pigmented impurities that reside within the snow and ice. Therefore, the modeled reflectivity is more accurate for snow/ice columns under varying climate conditions. This model paves the way for improvements in the portrayal of snow and ice within global climate models.
Benjamin Joseph Davison, Tom Cowton, Andrew Sole, Finlo Cottier, and Pete Nienow
The Cryosphere, 16, 1181–1196, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1181-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1181-2022, 2022
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The ocean is an important driver of Greenland glacier retreat. Icebergs influence ocean temperature in the vicinity of glaciers, which will affect glacier retreat rates, but the effect of icebergs on water temperature is poorly understood. In this study, we use a model to show that icebergs cause large changes to water properties next to Greenland's glaciers, which could influence ocean-driven glacier retreat around Greenland.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-76,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-76, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Snow physical properties on Arctic sea ice are monitored during the melt season. As snow grains grow and the snowpack thickness is reduced, the surface albedo decreases. The extra absorbed energy accelerates melting. Radiative transfer modeling shows that more radiation is then transmitted to the snow-sea ice interface. A sharp increase in transmitted radiation takes place when the snowpacks thins significantly and this coincides with the initiation of the phytoplankton bloom in the sea water.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-25,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-25, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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Christaki Pothole is located at 2,350 m in Mt. Olympos, the highest mountain of Greece, over the permanent snow line for Greek latitude. The eruption of the tritium content in the water cycle resulting from the nuclear tests of the ’50s and ’60s, allows the dating of firn samples from the ice cave. The nuclear era was not detected in ice from the Olympic cave and the basic reason is considered the ice melting rate.
Hannah Ming Siu Vickers, Priscilla Mooney, Eirik Malnes, and Hanna Lee
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-57,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-57, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Rain-on-snow (ROS) events are becoming more frequent as a result of a warming climate, and can have significant impacts on nature and society. Accurate representation of ROS events is need to identify where impacts are greatest both now and in the future. We compare rain-on-snow climatologies from a climate model, ground and satellite radar observations and show how different methods can lead to contrasting conclusions and interpretation of the results should take into account their limitations.
Hongyu Duan, Xiaojun Yao, Huian Jin, Yuan Zhang, Qi Wang, Zhishui Du, Jiayu Hu, and Qianxun Wang
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-62,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-62, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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To investigate the potential hazards of the typical end moraine-dammed glacial lake, Bienong Co in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau, we completed an investigation of the potential GLOF hazard based on remote sensing data, field bathymetric data, combining hydrodynamic model. The results show that Bienong Co is currently highly dangerous, with a realtive deep depth and the potential glacial lake outburst floods that would have a huge impact on the downstream area.
Maria Wind, Friedrich Obleitner, Tanguy Racine, and Christoph Spötl
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-67,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-67, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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We present a thorough analysis of the thermal conditions of a sag-type ice cave in the Austrian Alps using temperature measurements for the period 2008–2021. Apart from a long-term increasing temperature trend, we find strong inter-annual and spatial variations as well as a characteristic seasonal pattern. Increasing temperatures further led to a drastic decrease of cave ice. A first attempt to model ablation based on temperature shows promising results.
The Cryosphere, 16, 1157–1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1157-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1157-2022, 2022
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The knowledge of physical and mechanical properties of permafrost and its location is critical for the management of permafrost-related geohazards. Here, we developed a hybrid inverse and multiphase poromechanical approach to quantitatively estimate the physical and mechanical properties of a permafrost site. Our study demonstrates the potential of surface wave techniques coupled with our proposed data-processing algorithm to characterize a permafrost site more accurately.
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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The ice on Greenland has been melting more rapidly over the last years. Most of this melt comes from the exposure of ice when the overlying snow melts. This ice is darker than snow and takes up more sunlight, which leads to more melt. However, the actual color of the ice remains hard to simulate in models. In this paper we show that one model, MAR, simulates the color of the ice too bright. We also show that this means that the model may underestimate how fast the ice on Greenland is melting.
The Cryosphere, 16, 1141–1156, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1141-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1141-2022, 2022
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We develop a regional linear Markov model consisting of four modules with seasonally dependent variables in the Pacific sector. The model retains skill for detrended sea ice extent predictions for up to 7-month lead times in the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk. The prediction skill, as measured by the percentage of grid points with significant correlations (PGS), increased by 75 % in the Bering Sea and 16 % in the Sea of Okhotsk relative to the earlier pan-Arctic model.
Leon J. Bührle, Mauro Marty, Lucie A. Eberhard, Andreas Stoffel, Elisabeth D. Hafner, and Yves Bühler
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-65,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-65, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Information on the snow depth distribution is crucial for numerous applications in high-mountain regions. However, only specific measurements can accurately map the present variability of snow depths within complex terrain. In this study, we show the reliable processing of images from piloted airplane to large (> 100 km2), very detailed and accurate snow depth maps around Davos (CH). In addition, we use these maps to describe the existed snow depth distribution and other special features.
Stephen E. L. Howell, Mike Brady, and Alexander S. Komarov
The Cryosphere, 16, 1125–1139, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1125-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1125-2022, 2022
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We describe, apply, and validate the Environment and Climate Change Canada automated sea ice tracking system (ECCC-ASITS) that routinely generates large-scale sea ice motion (SIM) over the pan-Arctic domain using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The ECCC-ASITS was applied to the incoming image streams of Sentinel-1AB and the RADARSAT Constellation Mission from March 2020 to October 2021 using a total of 135 471 SAR images and generated new SIM datasets (i.e., 7 d 25 km and 3 d 6.25 km).
Yu Liang, Haibo Bi, Haijun Huang, Ruibo Lei, Xi Liang, Bin Cheng, and Yunhe Wang
The Cryosphere, 16, 1107–1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1107-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1107-2022, 2022
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A record minimum July sea ice extent, since 1979, was observed in 2020. Our results reveal that an anomalously high advection of energy and water vapor prevailed during spring (April to June) 2020 over regions with noticeable sea ice retreat. The large-scale atmospheric circulation and cyclones act in concert to trigger the exceptionally warm and moist flow. The convergence of the transport changed the atmospheric characteristics and the surface energy budget, thus causing a severe sea ice melt.
Maxim L. Lamare, John D. Hedley, and Martin D. King
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-366,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-366, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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The reflectivity of sea ice is crucial for modern climate change and for monitoring sea ice from satellites. The reflectivity depends on the angle at which the ice is viewed and the angle illuminated. The directional reflectivity is calculated as a function of viewing angle, illuminating angle, thickness, wavelength and surface roughness. Roughness cannot be considered independent of thickness, illumination angle and the wavelength. Remote sensors will use the data to image sea ice from space
The Cryosphere, 16, 1091–1106, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1091-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1091-2022, 2022
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In recent years, seven glaciers are confirmed in the northern Japanese Alps. However, their mass balance has not been clarified. In this study, we calculated the seasonal and continuous annual mass balance of these glaciers during 2015–2019 by the geodetic method using aerial images and SfM–MVS technology. Our results showed that the mass balance of these glaciers was different from other glaciers in the world. The characteristics of Japanese glaciers provide new insights for earth science.
Christiaan T. van Dalum, Willem Jan van de Berg, and Michiel R. van den Broeke
The Cryosphere, 16, 1071–1089, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1071-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1071-2022, 2022
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In this study, we improve the regional climate model RACMO2 and investigate the climate of Antarctica. We have implemented a new radiative transfer and snow albedo scheme and do several sensitivity experiments. When fully tuned, the results compare well with observations and snow temperature profiles improve. Moreover, small changes in the albedo and the investigated processes can lead to a strong overestimation of melt, locally leading to runoff and a reduced surface mass balance.
Elise Kazmierczak, Sainan Sun, Violaine Coulon, and Frank Pattyn
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-53,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-53, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 3 comments)
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The water at the interface between the ice sheet and the underlying bedrock leads to lubrification between the ice and the bed. Due to the lack of direct observations, subglacial conditions beneath the Antarctic ice sheet are poorly understood. Here, we compare different approaches in which the suglacial water could influence sliding on the underlying bedrock and suggest that it modulates the Antarctic ice sheet response and increases the uncertainties especially in a context of global warming.
Stiig Wilkenskjeld, Frederieke Miesner, Paul P. Overduin, Matteo Puglini, and Victor Brovkin
The Cryosphere, 16, 1057–1069, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1057-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1057-2022, 2022
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Thawing permafrost releases carbon to the atmosphere, enhancing global warming. Part of the permafrost soils have been flooded by rising sea levels since the last ice age, becoming subsea permafrost (SSPF). The SSPF is less studied than the part on land. In this study we use a global model to obtain rates of thawing of SSPF under different future climate scenarios until the year 3000. After the year 2100 the scenarios strongly diverge, closely connected to the eventual disappearance of sea ice.
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 3 comments)
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We investigate how moisture transport through atmospheric rivers influences Arctic sea ice variations, using ERA5 hourly atmospheric reanalysis for 1981–2020 at 0.25º x 0.25º resolution. We show that individual atmospheric rivers initiate rapid sea ice decrease through surface heat flux and winds. We find that rate of change of sea ice concentration has significant anticorrelation with moisture, northward wind, and turbulent heat flux on weather timescales almost everywhere in the Arctic Ocean.
Huadong Wang, Xueliang Zhang, Pengfeng Xiao, Tao Che, Zhaojun Zheng, Liyun Dai, and Wenbo Luan
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-45,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-45, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 4 comments)
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The geographically and temporally weighted neural network (GTWNN) model is constructed for estimating large-scale daily snow density by integrating satellite, ground, and reanalysis data, which addresses the importance of spatiotemporal heterogeneity and nonlinear relationship between snow density and impact variables, as well as allows us understanding the spatiotemporal pattern and heterogeneity of snow density in different snow periods and snow cover regions in China from 2013 to 2020.
Hongxiang Yu, Guang Li, Benjamin Walter, Michael Lehning, Jie Zhang, and Ning Huang
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-27,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-27, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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Snow cornices lead to potential risk in causing snow avalanche hazards, which are still unknown so far. We carried out a wind tunnel experiment in a cold lab to investigate the environmental conditions for snow cornice accretion recorded by a camera. Results show that cornices appear only under moderate wind speeds, which leads to necessary mass flux divergence near the edge. These results improve our understanding of cornice formation and have implications for predicting snow hazards.
Trevor R. Hillebrand, Matthew J. Hoffman, Mauro Perego, Stephen F. Price, and Ian M. Howat
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-20,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-20, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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We estimate that Humboldt Glacier, North Greenland, will contribute 5.5–9 mm to global sea-level from 2007–2100, using an ensemble of model simulations constrained by observations of glacier retreat and speedup. This is a significant fraction of the 40–140 mm from the whole Greenland Ice Sheet predicted by the recent ISMIP6 multi-model ensemble, suggesting that calibrating models against observed velocity changes could result in higher estimates of 21st century sea-level rise from Greenland.
Vjeran Višnjević, Reinhard Drews, Clemens Schannwell, Inka Koch, Steven Franke, Daniela Jansen, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-23,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-23, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: final response, 2 comments)
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We present a simple way to model internal layers of an ice shelf, and apply the method to the Roi Baudouin Ice Shelf in East Antarctica. Modelled results are compared to the measurements obtained by radar. We distinguish between ice directly formed on the shelf and ice transported from the ice sheet, and map the spatial changes in the volume of the locally accumulated ice. In this context, we discuss the sensitivity of the ice shelf to the future changes in surface accumulation and basal melt.
Clara Burgard, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Ronja Reese, Adrian Jenkins, and Pierre Mathiot
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-32,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-32, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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The ocean-induced melt at the base the floating ice tongues (ice shelves) around Antarctica is the highest uncertainty factor in the Antarctic contribution to future sea level. We re-tune, assess and compare the performance of several existing parameterisations to simulate basal melt rates on a circum-Antarctic scale, using an ocean simulation resolving the sub-shelf cavities as our reference. We find that simple quadratic slope-independent and plume parameterisations yield the best compromise.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-43,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-43, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: final response, 6 comments)
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The air bubbles enclosed in the alpine glacier ice could be used to reveal regional climate changes. Thus, we analyzed the δ18O of gaseous oxygen in the ice core air bubbles (δ18Obub) from a glacier in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). We find that there is a good correlation between the variation of the δ18Obub and the accumulation or melting of the glacier. Combined with the chronology of the ice core air bubbles, we reconstruct the glacier variations since the late Holocene in the central TP.